Learn all about Echinacea

Echinacea works in multiple ways to support the immune system. It helps activate the body's first-line defenders (like 'macrophages', 'neutrophils', and 'natural killer cells') which attack germs. It does this by interacting with specific sensors on these cells. This activation helps them gobble up invaders ('phagocytosis') and release signals ('cytokines') that coordinate the wider immune response. Key compounds called alkamides seem particularly important for these effects, possibly interacting with cannabinoid receptors (similar to those involved with cannabis, but acting differently here). Other compounds ('polysaccharides') activate different parts of the immune system. Against cold and flu viruses, some Echinacea preparations show direct antiviral effects in lab studies, stopping viruses from entering cells or multiplying. The plant also has anti-inflammatory effects by blocking certain enzymes involved in inflammation. Additionally, it contains antioxidants that help protect cells from damage during infections. This complex, multi-pronged approach helps explain why Echinacea seems better for tackling active infections than for continuous prevention (as the immune system might adapt if stimulated constantly).

Echinacea comes only from three types (species) of the Echinacea plant family (related to daisies): Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower), Echinacea angustifolia (narrow-leaved purple coneflower), and Echinacea pallida (pale purple coneflower). These plants originally grew in North America but are now grown worldwide. Each type has slightly different active compounds. E. purpurea is the most commonly grown and researched. Different plant parts also vary: roots often have more alkamides; leaves/flowers/stems have more phenolic compounds (like antioxidants); seeds contain mostly alkamides. Supplement quality varies greatly depending on the type used, plant parts included, how it was extracted, and growing conditions. Fresh-pressed juice from E. purpurea leaves/flowers is used in many well-studied products. Some products are 'standardized' to guarantee a certain level of active compounds. Wild Echinacea is sometimes over-harvested, so sustainable farming is important. There are no synthetic (man-made) forms of Echinacea.